Nanotechnology based approaches for leukemia therapy

Review article | https://doi.org/10.47262/BL/11.1.20241209

Comprehensive epidemiological study on COVID-19: Characteristics, diagnosis, and therapeutic approaches

Hammad Ghafoor 1*, Saba Kousar 2, Farzana Nazir 3, Rabia Sabir 4, Muhammad Zubair 5, Muhammad Waqqas Hasan 6

1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 2100096, China

2 Department of Biochemistry, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan

3 National University of Sciences and Technology PK & Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, People's Republic of China

4 MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China

5 Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, No. 2 North Yongning Road, Changzhou, 213017, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China

6 Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State & NMPA Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Science & The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, PR China

Abstract

COVID-19 is an infection initiated by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that was first reported in late December 2019 in Wuhan, China. Pneumonia caused by COVID-19 is highly contagious; the World Health Organization (WHO) declared this disease a global public health emergency due to the current outbreak. Even though the virus of COVID-19 has a resemblance to MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV, the infection is somewhat different. The first signs and symptoms of COVID-19 are not specific. It has a broad spectrum of clinical signs that remain to be determined. Various testing protocols have been published by the WHO for testing COVID-19. Person-to-person transmission is considered the primary route for the spreading of disease. Several efforts have been started all around the world to develop vaccines against the COVID-19 virus. Currently, various drugs and different diagnostic kits are being used to test for the COVID-19 infection. Based on earlier pieces of evidence, we systematically discuss the epidemiological study of SARS-CoV-2 with characteristics, symptoms, diagnosis and vaccine development, and preventive measures of the COVID-19 epidemic.