Nanotechnology based approaches for leukemia therapy

Review article | https://doi.org/10.47262/BL/11.1.20250112

Interaction of endoplasmic Reticulum stress responses to the vicinity of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: A potential target for a therapeutic approach

Hammad Ghafoor 1*, Farzana Nazir 2, Rabia Sabir 3, Muhammad Zubair 4, Muhammad Waqqas Hasan 5

1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 2100096, China

2 National University of Sciences and Technology PK & Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target and Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, People's Republic of China

3 MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China

4 Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wujin Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, No. 2 North Yongning Road, Changzhou, 213017, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China

5 Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State & NMPA Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Science & The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, PR China

Abstract

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic lung disease characterized by scar formation in the lung's structure, progressive hypoxemia, dyspnea, body intolerance, and breathing difficulties. The diagnosis of IPF is difficult due to complex molecular mechanisms. In later stages, it will affect alveolar tissues, disrupt gaseous exchange, and ultimately lead to respiratory failure and death. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis and protein secretions, lipid production, protein folding, and steroid synthesis or deposition. Numerous physiological and pharmacological conditions could affect ER homeostasis, which in turn influences the unfolded and misfolded protein responses that result in ER stress. The alveolar epithelium responds strongly to ER stress under IPF conditions, as evidenced by a biopsy of lung samples. Fibrotic disorders produce matrix-producing myofibroblasts. They have many wound-healing properties and may have distinct origins. The most often utilized marker is α-smooth muscle actin (SMA). However, the exact mechanism of ER stress in pulmonary fibrosis is still unknown. Therefore, in this review article, we have aimed to identify the disease-causing mechanism of IPF, understand the pathophysiology of alveolar cells during fibrotic response, and develop an effective drug to overcome this fibrotic disease. To develop logical strategies for modifying the senescent cell phenotype in the lung for therapeutic benefit, we have discussed the current understanding of the mechanism of IPF and the response of ER stress that regulates various aspects of cellular senescence related to chronic lung diseases.